The origin of the third world plight Essay Example for Free

The origin of the third world plight Essay Thesis The Third world countries have continued to witness some of the most challenging times in their quest for real development that would catapult their economies to march those ones of the first worlds. However these countries have been bedeviled by major obstacles of bad governance, corruption, and exploitation by the first world countries. Of great concern has been the contribution of major world bodies that have continued to impoverish these economies in the name of supporting them. The World Bank stands out as one of the culprits. Introduction Many times is when some people do not understand what is meant by the term ‘third world plight’. This in terms means, they are those countries that still are developing. The third world countries are greatly in substantial indebt ness according to statistics. More than 50% of the people living in third world countries are living below the poverty line: this is below a dollar a day. It is reckoning, how this is happening, but the World Bank has attributed all this. In 1986 –1987, the World Bank’s president Barber Conable said that the World Bank had been a great success, yet it only oppresses the governments in the third world countries. In 1962, Robert McNamara who was the bank’s president led it to achieve higher loans levels and by the time he was resigning in 1981, the levels had increased from $883 million to over $12 billion. (James Bovard) McNamara and the World Bank supported Nyerere’s dictatorial regime and the bank gave more aid to Tanzania hence the cause of the current misery of the Tanzanian people. This kind of act by the World Bank was wanting, as it only devastated the third world countries. In late 1970’s, the World Bank also financed the Vietnamese’s government thus encouraging their brutal policies that brought about a lot of deaths of the boat people in the south sea. The bank was to finance an irrigation project that was risky, as it would be subjected to rebellion among the farmers. Farmers who resisted the project ended up being drowned in the sea. (James Bovard) The World Bank lent $600million to the Indonesian government to forcibly remove people from Java Island and resettle them in the barren islands. It was due to this transmigration, that violence erupted in Indonesia, leading to the deaths of thousands of people. Despite this fact, the bank termed this as the â€Å"largest voluntary migration.† This was clarion of the banks hypocrisy as it violated human’s rights. The bank provided capital to the Ethiopian Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam. (James Bovard)   In 1984 – 1985, Ethiopia was struck by famine and this forced the government to forcibly deport people in northern Ethiopia to the south. It is believed that more deaths occurred as would have been caused by the famine. The government introduced the villagilization program but many people still rebelled against it and were killed. Despite of all this happenings, the bank still continued to lend money, as it was not concerned with the citizens but seemed to provide more help to the bureaucrats and politicians. (James Bovard) The World bank is highly to blame on the poverty in the third world countries as it uses to pressure to this countries to lend more money than which is borrowed. The audit of Madagascar Morondava Irrigation and Rural Development Project is a good example, where by the new government was pressured by the bank to accept the project so as to be submitted to the executive directors. It is evident that the World Bank gave wrong advice to the third world countries and it’s clearly brought in Western Africa in the project of promoting cocoa and coffee. This simply failed because the bank had encouraged the farmers to grow cash crops in unsuitable soils. (Barbara G 18) The world bank in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s aim, was to lend money in order to boost food production in Africa and other developing countries but this did not happen as almost 20% of the food production had fallen because much of the bank’s investments went to big irrigation schemes and state farms thus wastage of money. It is due to the bank’s poor investments that dragged down the entire economies of the third world countries. (Peter T. Bauer 21) In 1980, the world began Structural Adjustment Loans programs that encouraged policy reforms. Most of these loans were mainly going to the governments of the third world countries in repaying their debts to the bank or the international momentary fund. In 1984, a statement from a world bank’s official was bizarre, as he said, â€Å"if china is to maintain a reasonable growth rate and manageable debt service payments, it will need to obtain the necessary additional foreigner capital at an average interest rate below the market rate.† This implied that even investments in the third world countries would not be greater than the banks interest hence putting third world countries into deeper poverty’(Peter T. Bauer 23)    Problems faced by the third world countries Malnutrition- a good example is in Kenya whereby a bank report found severe malnutrition widespread among the beneficiaries. Barbara Gunnell concluded ‘the real loser is the Kenyan government, or future generations of Kenyans who will go on paying the World Bank interest on the loan.’ This was due to the fact that the bank had invested $20 million in Bura irrigation but when the then president Daniel Moi toured Bura he found ‘eroded irrigation canals, abandoned plots, poor crops, tumbledown and unsanitary housing, zebra grazing on irrigated land and on air of decay’(Peter T. Bauer 23) Diseases -a lot of diseases have become wide spread in these third world countries and they include; The AIDS pandemic, malaria, cholera among others. Poor infrastructure- poor insfrastructure has become a major threat to these countries as many accidents occur though roads that are constructed well but the cost of maintenance is quite high hence they become dilapidated. (Peter T. Bauer 24) Desertification- an example is in Botswana whereby two livestock projects that were to promote cattle rising resulted to overgrazing. The bank further introduced a third livestock project despite the fact that it led to overgrazing. (Peter T. Bauer 26) Displacement- the bank is spending about half a billion dollars in the largest westwards-flowing river in India to dam it. This was proved that it would end up displacing thousands of people and destroying a lot of land but the World Bank went ahead with its plan. Insecurity- the third world countries have been faced with high rate of insecurity as foreign direct investments have been directed to other regions hence of no benefits to these countries as high crime rates still continues. (Peter T. Bauer 33) Poverty – many people in the third world countries are living below the poverty line due to the indebt ness that they have to their donors, international momentary fund and the World Bank. (Peter T. Bauer 34) Conclusion It is evident that though the World Bank has helped these countries, it is majorly to blame for dragging their economies. For all countries in the world to be at par, it only would be best to cancel of, the debt of the so-called third world countries. The bank ought to encourage reductions in lending capital to enable these countries economies to grow. It could also not lend capital that will be of bad use, as this only benefits politicians of these countries and continues to deteriorate their economies. Works Cited Barbara Gunnell, The Great Bura Irrigation Scheme Disaster, African Business (April  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1986): 18. James Bovard: The World Bank vs. the World Poor: Policy Analysis: Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa092.html Peter T. Bauer: Equality. The Third World. And Economic Delusion: Cambridge, Harvard  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 1981 p. 21.

Characteristics and Types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) :: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The Characteristics and Types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Missing Works Cited According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about one-half of 1.6 million elementary school-aged children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have also been diagnosed with a learning disability (LD) (Brown University Child and Adolescence Behavior Letter, 2001). The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1997) stated that ADHD affects 3 to 5 percent of all children, and boys are three times more likely to be affected by the disorder than girls. The cause of ADHD is unknown, and the disorder and its symptoms are chronic and pervasive (www.asha.org). In the Fourth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ADHD is categorized into three subtypes which are ADHD Predominantly Inattention Type, ADHD Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type, and ADHD Combined Type. The criteria for the ADHD predominantly inattention type include at least six of the following: Makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities, often does not seem to listen when spoke to directly, often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities, often avoids, dislikes, or engages in tasks that require sustained mental effort, is often easily distracted by external stimuli, and is often forgetful in daily activities. The criteria for ADHD predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive type includes a minimum of six or more of the following: Often fidgets with hands or feet and squirms in seat, often leaves seat in classroom, often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate, often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly, is often on the go, often talks excessively, often blurts out answers before the question have been completed, often has difficulty awaiting turn,and often interrupts others. The ADHD combined type demonstrates characterisitics from both subtypes (Camarata & Gibson, 1999). Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity have their effects on speech and language. McGee, Share, Moffitt, Williams, and Silva (1998) research suggested that the presence of a disruptive behavioral disorder is the most common long-term association with reading difficulties (Pisecco, Baker, Silva, & Brooke, 2001). The research examined by Ricco and Jemison (1998) stated that children with both reading disabilities and ADHD may have phonological processing deficits and linguistic deficiencies that are predictive of reading disabilities (Maynard, Tyler, & Arnold, 1999). The same study (1998) by Ricco and Jemison concluded that acquisition and the development of reading skills are affected by language and verbal abilities rather than the presence of an attention deficit.

Government Regulation Essay

Government regulation in business today is vital because it attempts to create a level playing field for companies competing against one another and regulate honest business practices toward the consumers. It is important to for any business to understand how government regulation affects their industry and how they intend to run their company. Industrial regulation is the government regulation of an entire industry. The purpose of industry regulation is for a an entity to watch an industry’s prices and products to make sure that they do not create a monopoly or take advantage of consumers. There are basically two kinds of regulation, price regulation and social regulation. Price regulation is regulation directed towards industries that have tendencies that may produce a monopoly. The industries that price regulation agencies monitor are: the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which are basically responsible for monitoring gas and oil pipelines and other energy based industries; the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), who are supposed to regulate television, telephones, and other areas of communication; and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), who regulates financial markets. Social regulation monitors the conditions where goods and services are produced, the safety of those items produced, as well how the production of those good might affect society. The industries that social regulation agencies are worried about are: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The main purpose behind these organizations is; to stop monopolies from being formed and to control the pricing of the products or services because these industries have elements that may potentially create a monopoly. The affect that government industrial regulation has on the market will vary depending on several different variables such as how antitrust laws are interpreted, the administration enforcing the laws, taxation, and how strictly the laws are enforced. The purpose of the government regulation is to ensure monopolies aren’t formed and to make sure  that prices and products aren’t taking advantage of customers. They also want to make sure that oligopolies are not formed to make sure there is not too much power over pricing and also to promote fair and heal thy market competition. Depending how the laws are enforced will help decide how much of an impact there is to a certain market. The idea is to strive for equality and integrity in certain industries. Knowing how courts are interpreting antitrust laws and how they affect a firms specific industry is important to understand when making business decisions for a company along with knowing the boundaries for where regulatory agencies may consider a monopoly or oligopoly could potentially be formed by having too much control. Social regulation is served with monitoring the conditions under which goods and services are produced, the safety of the goods being produced, and any effects production may have on society. The social regulatory agencies are; the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Social regulation is different from pricing regulation because social regulation applies to almost all firms and is not designed for the specific purpose of stopping a monopoly. One example would be when the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) decide to issue a requirement that all worke rs have periodic break from work, it would apply to all firms in the United States who are under OSHA’s control. On the other hand, pricing regulation would not. People who are opposed to social regulation believe that regulation carries a steep administrative cost and that those costs actually hurt consumers more than the regulation actually helps. They think this happens because the social regulation laws are often poorly written and very difficult to interpret or enforce. Those who back social regulation do agree with some of what the naysayers think but they believe that the benefits of social regulation are worth the high costs and that regulation just needs to be improved. They think that social regulation has made manufacturing a lot safer in the United States and reduced discrimination within the workplace. Both sides have valid arguments however to actually judge between these two views is very difficult because accurately figuring out the costs or benefits is pretty much impossible. (Colander 2010). A natural monopoly is an industry in which significant economies of scale make the existence of more than one firm inefficient. An  e xample of a natural monopoly is AT&T. Up until 1982; AT&T was what was called a regulated monopoly. It had the exclusive right to provide telephone service in the United States. AT&T controlled 90 percent of the telecommunications market: long-distance and local telephone service, and the production of telephones themselves as well as other communication equipment. AT&T was given this right because it was felt that economies of scale made supplying telephone service a natural monopoly. Telephone service required every house to be connected with lines. These lines had to be buried underground or strung overhead on poles so it didn’t make sense to have more than one company installing separate lines. The government also decided that telephone service should to be available to all everyone, even those who live in remote areas, where service costs more to provide. An unregulated company in a similar position probably would have practiced skimming, which in this case would have been to provide service to low-cost areas and avoiding high-cost areas. AT&T was allowed to continue as a monopoly but they were subject to regulatory control by the Federal Communi cations Commission. This government regulation was put in place in order to limit the company’s profit to a fair level and prevent AT&T from abusing its monopoly. AT&T’s business was also limited to telephone service. Under AT&T’s monopoly, phone service in the United States was the best and cheapest in the world at the time. Even if phone service was more expensive than it actually needed to be, most agreed that the system worked well. (Colander 2010). Antitrust policy is essentially the government’s policy towards the competitive process. The United States antitrust laws were put in place by both federal and state governments in order to regulate corporations. These policies intend to keep companies from becoming too large and stop them from fixing prices. These laws also attempt to give businesses an equal opportunity to compete in a market. There are four major parts of legislation that are known as the antitrust laws. In the United States these laws basically began with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The Sherman Antitrust Act stopped limits on competitive trade and made it illegal to form a monopoly. The nest next antitrust act was the Clayton Act, which was passed in 1914. The Clayton Act protects against mergers or acquisitions that would either greatly decrease competition or offer the threat of becoming a monopoly. Another major piece of legislation was the  Robinson-Patman Act from 1036, which made it illegal to practice price discrimination by allowing some businesses to purchase products at lower prices than other businesses. The last of the four pieces of legislations to the antitrust laws is the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which was formed in 1914. The FTC was created to enforce the country’s antitrust laws. Many of the antitrust laws are not very specific and can be hard to interpret. The FTC’s job is to interpret the laws and enforce them. The three main regulatory commissions of social regulation are: the Food and Drug Administration, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. These three commissions watch over social regulation in different ways. The FDA stops drugs from being sold until there is enough information about the effects of the drug can be determined. The FDA often takes a long time to test and go through the approval process. They FDA can take up to five or even ten years to approve a drug and it is a very costly process. Because this is such a lengthy and expensive process it usually means higher priced drugs fo r consumers. The next commission to discuss is the EEOC. This is the commission that regulates discrimination in the workplace. The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on criteria such as: individual’s race, color, nationality, religion, sex, age, or disability. The final commission to look at is OSHA. OSHA is essentially responsible for regulating health and safety of workers within the workplace. The five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), The Equal Employment Opportunity (EEOC), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The major functions of these agencies are to monitor the conditions under which goods and services are produced, the safety of those goods, and the side effects of production on society. Works Cited Colander, David C. Economics: Eighth Edition San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Irwin 2010.

Fortinbras in Hamlet by William Shakespeare - 691 Words

William Shakespeare was an excellent writer. His plays always have deeper meanings and complex plots, but most importantly, they have wonderful characters. Every character Shakespeare creates has some kind of purpose to fulfill, important even when they are background characters with few lines or appearances. Sometimes, even though the characters have no major role in Shakespeare’s plays, they have some type of significance. In Hamlet, one of these characters is Fortinbras. The character of Fortinbras is someone with an extremely similar background to the protagonist of the play, Hamlet. One might say that Fortinbras and Hamlet are parallel versions of each other, being in the same situation even though they have a different lineage. Though he is only mentioned a few times throughout Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Fortinbras has a very important role to play. Despite being in the same situation, Fortinbras and Hamlet are almost polar opposites of each other. Hamlet tends to be philosophic; he contemplates everything that happens around him and often winds up with off the wall conclusions and conspiracy theories that borderline the realm of realistic possibilities. Fortinbras is more aggressive; he prefers to actively pursue his desires in order to receive what he wants. Their fathers are dead and both of their kingdoms are being ruled by their uncles, but each prince reacts differently to the situation that they are in. Early on in the play, Hamlet is confronted by his father’sShow MoreRelatedFortinbras in Hamlet by William Shakespeare577 Words   |  2 PagesEvery character in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is important in their own way, even if they have very few appearances. One character in particular, King Hamlet’s Ghost, influences several characters in Hamlet, as well as the actual theme of the story as a whole. 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Horatio supports every bold decision Hamlet makes, and is an authentic loyal friend. Fortinbras is a foil perceived in the play, and he wants to avenge his father s death. Laertes, Polonius’s son and Ophelia’s brother, is passionate and impulsive, who is also identified as Hamlet’s foil. A s Shakespeare reveal Horatio’s, Laertes’, and Fortinbras’ traits he also shows